Nasir Sulman[1]
ABSTRACT:
Currently special rehabilitation facilities do not exist for old persons in Pakistan. Traditionally adult sons and daughters are obliged to take care of their old parents and virtually all cared for in the traditional way. Children are expected to look after their parents those who do not are regarded with disfavor by society. Although extended family system is no more a rule particularly in the urban areas, at least on of the offspring usually looks after the parents. Neglect of the elderly is rare. Old people’s homes are non-existent, almost all live with members of their family and generally satisfied with their lives. Religious faith is their main source of strength and their routine activities consist of prayers and other religious obligations. Nevertheless, the increasing numbers of the elderly pose a challenge including those relating to their health and consequent disability principally on account of aging problems, senile dementia, deafness, blindness, and feeling of loneliness, uselessness and boredom. As times passes by the demand for specific geriatric care would grow. Much remains to be done in the training of more and better rehabilitation medicine care providers. There is a need for services that can be integrated into the PHC system and cover a wide range of elderly peoples’ health problems. Curative, preventive and rehabilitative care for the disabled elderly should be part of PHC program.
Vulnerable elderly are primarily affected when having lost family support or having suffered injuries and disability. Where the elderly provide for the protection of other dependants, they often face a double protection dilemma. Older people are often marginalized and frequently fail to access humanitarian aid and basic services for reasons of poor mobility, social ‘invisibility’ and the erroneous assumption that ‘someone’ is taking care of them already. The challenge will be to ensure that the elderly will not be overlooked in the reconstruction and rehabilitation programs.
With the overall strains on familial networks in the face of poverty, the vulnerability of many elderly people in Pakistan increased in recent years, particularly when their children are themselves too poor and over-burdened to care for them.
Older women who provide for the protection of other dependants, such as orphaned grandchildren face a double protection dilemma, having to ensure their own protection and protecting those in their care. Specific attention is required for the elderly who are too frail to return back to their home areas form camps.
The Elderly face specific problems in relation to health and medical treatment. They face problems accessing health facilities due to mobility issues and therefore specific interventions require health service providers going to them. Chronic health conditions and medical problems pertaining to the elderly include nutritional deficiencies, chronic diabetes, eye problems and dental problems. A series of mobile eye camps, dental camps and mobile medical camps will be encouraged so as to address the specific health problems of the elderly, and also cater to others requiring such treatment.
Based on research on the elderly in different parts of the world, it is apparent that the elderly face a great deal of social isolation and neglect, and in crisis situations, this tends to manifold as caretakers are often preoccupied with their own issues. They require specialist psycho-social care and support. Psycho-social/social protection interventions to cope with trauma for the elderly that have worked in other countries can be applied in the as intergenerational protection, whereby elderly and children interact with each other.
The elderly with no adult caretakers (or even with adult caretakers, but who are still neglected) require support in the reconstruction of their houses in cases where they owned the property. There may be a substantial number of elderly who do not have their own houses due to property and/or compensation being taken over by family members, often their own children. In cases where elderly have no land, shelter or adult support, culturally-sensitive arrangements such as the Dar-ul- Khifhala, can be made available, in which living arrangements for the elderly and the destitute are provided by the Government. This model is already in operation in NWFP.
Despite intensive extraordinary socio-economic pressures, Pakistani society has stood for high value, respect and dignity of human life. We in Pakistan, regard old age as a mark of esteem, wisdom and piety. This could be attributed to the strong ties that exist in the joint family system nurtured by religious values, dignifying the status of elderly segment of society.
The Constitution of Pakistan declares promotion of social and economic well being of the people as one of its cherished objectives and inter alia caste an obligation on the STATE to provide basic necessities of life for those citizens who are permanently or temporarily unable to earn their livelihood on account of infirmity, sickness or unemployment.
The issues such as income security, housing and medical care for elderly have assumed increasing importance in Pakistan, and with the passage of time receiving greater attention of the policy makers in the Government, (though the nature of problem is being faced by them are different from those in developed countries). Great strides in investigative and curative techniques, improved health coverage in public sector, effective poverty alleviation schemes launched by the government, and media awareness have contributed to improve life expectancy rate in Pakistan during the last couple of years. This trend points to increase in life expectancy from current 60 to 70 years in next 10 years in Pakistan.
DATA ON ELDERLY:
In the following discussion, a quantitative look on elderly population in Pakistan is going to present. It’s include past, current and projected figure for the future; the situation in urban as well as rural areas and related health and social factors.
Table 1: The Elderly Population in Pakistan (past, current & projected)[2]
| Year | Elderly Population (million) (60+ years) | ||
| Total | Male | Female | |
| Census | |||
| 1951 | 1.92 | 1.03 | 0.89 |
| 1961 | 2.92 | 1.68 | 1.24 |
| 1972 | 4.57 | 2.63 | 1.94 |
| 1981 | 5.88 | 3.40 | 2.48 |
| 1998 | 7.34 | 3.99 | 3.35 |
| Projected Estimates | |||
| 2013 | 11.19 | 5.69 | 5.50 |
| 2030 | 22.07 | 11.09 | 11.09 |
Table 2: Population by Age, Sex and Urban-Rural Residence
PDS 2001 Pakistan[3]
| AGE (YEARS) | ALL AREAS (Total Population) | URBAN AREAS (Total Population) | RURAL AREAS (Total Population) |
| ALL AGES | 133652121 | 47739853 | 85912268 |
| 60-64 | 2671393 | 910139 | 1761255 |
| 65-69 | 1852989 | 638216 | 1214773 |
| 70 & OVER | 2611352 | 852984 | 1758368 |
Table 3: Selected Socio-Economic and Health Indicators of Pakistan[4]
| Indicator | 60+ Population & Old Age Dependency Burden |
| 60 + Population (in million) | 8.1 (2000) |
| 60 + Dependency Burden: 2000 (per one hundred 15-59 pop.) | 10.9 |
| 60 + Dependency Burden: 2050 (per one hundred 15-59 pop.) | 19.8 |
SOCIETAL AGEING IN PAKISTAN: GROWING ISSUES AND FEEBLE RESPONSES:
Despite a continued debate in recent demographic literature on changes in fertility behavior in Pakistan (Alam, 2005[5]; Soomro, 2000[6]; Sathar and Casterline, 1998; Sathar and Kiani 1998[7]), the ramifications of these changes - especially ageing or its attendant issues – are yet to receive wider attention, especially by public planners and policy makers. It is partly because of the fact that the mainstream demographers in the country are mostly engaged in debating causalities in current fertility reduction (Soomro, 2000[8]) without going deeper into its ramifications. Further, ageing or the burden of old age dependency on families and the society is yet to take a more discernable shape – perhaps on account of higher fertility, participation of aged in economic activities (Nasir and Ali, 2000)[9], and flowing remittances (Clark, et al. 2002)[10].
Notwithstanding these lacks of concern, the UN projections on age structure changes in Pakistan (UN, 2003)[11] reveal a very fast growth of societal ageing in the country (Table 3). Even assuming for certain margins of projection error, it may perhaps be agreed that the ageing in Pakistan would follow an accelerating pace over the coming decades.[12] Especially, the growth of older old exceeding 75 years of age is expected to be much higher. Table 3 works out these changes more explicitly. This table shows highest projected growth in size of 75+, especially women. These changes may also have important supply-demand implications for the country’s health services and providers of long-term care.
Table 4: Annual Average Growth of Population by Age Groups: 2000 – 2050
| Age Groups | G/R: 2000 – 2020 (%) Male (%) Female (%) | G/R: 2020 – 2050 (%) Male (%) Female (%) | G/R: 2000 – 2050 (%) Male (%) Female (%) |
| 60—64 | 3.20 3.13 | 3.34 3.35 | 3.28 3.26 |
| 65-74 | 3.09 2.96 | 3.42 3.57 | 3.29 3.33 |
| 75+ | 3.58 4.21 | 3.90 4.23 | 3.77 4.22 |
| Total Pop. | 2.35 2.37 | 1.41 1.46 | 1.79 1.82 |
Following these changes, some attempts have been made by analysts in Pakistan to review the ageing issues in the country and required institutional mechanism both with in and outside the government to improve security environment for the aged (Afzal, 1994[14], 1999[15]; Khan, 1999[16]; Clark, et al. 2002[17]). A UN sponsored study by Afzal (1999)[18], for example, scans through these details including a few recent attempts by the government to draw action plans for the welfare of the aged. Pakistan Government (Special Education and Social Welfare Division) has also commissioned a couple of multi-centric surveys in Lahore (1988)[19] and Islamabad (1990)[20] to make assessments about the ageing and its issues. Nothing tangible has however been resulted so far. As regards the social security, Pakistan apparently has very few such schemes except for a small fraction of organized workforce comprising civil servants, military personnel and employees of public sector undertakings. What fraction of total workforce draws these benefits, and whether this fraction is declining because of down sizing in public sector employment is not very clear.
Outside the government, a few nonprofit voluntary organizations (e.g., the Senior Citizens Foundation of Pakistan or Association of the Retired Persons) have also been working as pressure groups to seek benefits in personal taxations, and subsidized medical care. These organizations have also succeeded in sensitizing the government to include elderly welfare as a part of its development agenda with gender specific public provisioning for the destitute elderly.
Beneath these feeble responses and the unsustainable belief about continued filial support, ageing Pakistan is turning to become more and weirder. This has particularly emerged from a field-based study by Clark et al. (2002)[21], which was inter alia designed to test the assumptions about the family support to the aged. Based on a multi-centric survey in Punjab province covering 938 elderly men and women, the study reveals significant erosions in older values - leaving a big fraction of the older persons in lurch. Table 1 tries to present a few of these details from this study (see Annexure-A). And even a cursory scanning of these details validates our earlier argument underlining unsecured ageing and limited family support to the aged. Contrasting the findings of Nasir and Ali (2000)[22], Table 4 also indicates a low work participation of the elderly persons. Close to two-third of men and over four-fifth women reported themselves inactive, largely because of poor physical health, impaired eyes, frailty and senescence (Table 4). Obviously, it amounts to suggest high economic and financial dependencies of the aged. Many of these issues have affected the Indian aged as well.
MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS:
I. Programmes Underway:
The following major programs are under way:
(a) National Senior Citizen Task Force:
The Government of Pakistan realizes its responsibilities towards the well being, protection and rehabilitation of elderly population. To highlight its commitments to the cause of elderly people and in order to help create awareness in the society, the present government celebrated the International Year of Old Persons in each year regularly. In order to frame a concerted national policy for the welfare of elderly citizen, a high level National Senior Citizens Task Force was constructed by the President of Pakistan. The Task Force has been entrusted with the responsibility to carry out analysis of Ageing, identification of needs and draft a comprehensive National Policy in line with National/International Commitments. It has been asked to suggest mechanism for the implementation of all inters sectoral activities related to the elderly people. The Government intends to implement its recommendations for adopting short, medium and long term relief package for the well being of the ageing. Towards this end, well considered projects will be formulated and executed.
The Government has already introduced some important facilities for elderly population. These consist of various measures for Senior Citizens including exemption from standing in queues, free membership to all public libraries, finalization of pension cases without delay and exemption from payment of taxes on recreational activities. Government has decided to affix special strips as mark of identification of Senior Citizens on their National Identity Cards. This is essential for affording special treatment/concessions as stated above. The efforts are also being made to ensure proper representation of senior citizens on government bodies of their concern. Further the government has also notified focal points for helping the elderly in all the government hospitals.
(b) Programs/Projects Undertaken For The Benefit Of Senior Citizens:
In 1988 and 1990, the Ministry of Women Development, Social Welfare and Special Education sponsored two sample surveys in the metropolitan districts of the country, to identify and determine their problems, general behavior interaction with their family members and other persons in the society, and also to form specific recommendations for the welfare and development of the Senior Citizens. A similar survey has also been conducted in the North West Frontier Province during the year 2000, to identify their problems/requirements and potential _ Another survey on similar lines has already been launched in the province of Baluchistan. Similarly surveys will also be initiated in the remaining two provinces.
(c) Old People's Homes:
The Provincial Governments in Pakistan have set up Old People_ Homes in big cities like Rawalpindi, Lahore, Multan, Karachi to provide shelter and care for the homeless deserted and indigent aged persons Similar Old People's Home are also being run in some big cities by private sector.
(d) National Research and Training Centers for Older Citizens:
In order to continuously provide feedback and promote awareness on issue of Ageing to the policy makers, academia and civil society regarding Senior Citizen's Age National Research and Training Centre for Older Citizens has been established in the NGO Sector which is affiliated with Global Centers on Ageing, Washington, DC.
(e) Interest of the Government in Senior Citizens Welfare:
On the occasion of International Senior Citizens Day, a function organized by the Senior Citizens Foundation of Pakistan, at the Pakistan Academy of Sciences. Minister of State Mahmud Ali gave away the ‘Distinguished Senior Citizen of the Year 2006’ award to Prof Ayub and the ‘Senior Citizen of the Year 2006’ title to Prof Khattak. Prof Ayub retired in 1985 as joint secretary after serving at the ministries of defence, interior, Kashmir affairs and Planning Commission. He helped established a school for deaf and dumb children in Jhelum besides setting up a Women’s Crisis Centre, Sewing Centre and Rubbish Removal Centre in Mirpur. Prof Khattak, a former vice chancellor of Gomal, AJK and Al Khair universities, has long been an acknowledged expert in education and literature.[23]
Former Minister of State for Interior Zaffar Iqbal Warraich said the senior citizens are the national asset and society should get benefit from their experiences. Addressing at a seminar on “Role of NGOs for the Welfare of Senior Citizens” he urged the social reformers to play their active role for uplift of this most precious segment of the society.[24]
The Government of Pakistan constituted National Committee on Ageing. It is looking after by Joint Secretary Ministry of Social Welfare and Special Education.[25]
Functions:
- Policy formulation
- Implementation of plans and policies
- Coordination/monitoring/evaluation of activities on ageing
- Advocacy and promotion of the rights of older persons
- Training
- Research
- Maintenance of a reference centre
- Publication of a newsletter
Major Activities on Behalf of Older Persons:
- To examine the needs and requirements of give advice and make recommendations to the relevant government agencies on matters concerning older persons
- To review the National Plan of Action on Ageing
- To coordinate with the Federal and Provincial ministries/divisions and departments, non-governmental organizations and international agencies for the promotion of services of older people
- To take all such measures which it may consider necessary to implement its decisions and to achieve the objectives of the National Plan of Action on Ageing
(f) National Assembly Body Discusses Senior Citizen Welfare Bill:
National Assembly Standing Committee on Social Welfare and Special Education discussed the Pakistan Senior Citizen Welfare Bill, 2007 on Friday. Member National Assembly Bushra Rehman chaired the committee meeting. The Additional Secretary, Ministry of Social Welfare and Special Education informed the committee that a summary was sent to the cabinet to seek approval regarding the bill. The cabinet considered the bill and directed the Ministry to review the same as per decision of the cabinet before returning it for approval.
After through deliberation on the bill, the committee directed the Ministry of Social Welfare and Special Education and the Ministry of Law to revise the bill accordingly and resubmit it to the cabinet for approval.
Fortunately, the government has finalized a draft Bill to introduce Pakistan Senior Citizens Welfare Act 2007 with establishment of a 10-member Pakistan Senior Citizens Welfare Council. The bill will be placed before the National Assembly after formal approval of the Federal Cabinet aimed at making provisions for the welfare of senior citizens of the country.
Functions of the Council:
The functions of the Council shall be to liaise with the Federal Government, Provincial Governments, Local Governments, and other Non-Governmental Organization whereby senior citizen shall be:
- ensured settlement of their all retirement benefits including pension before reaching the date of superannuation;
- provided facility of special counters at pension receiving places;
- having separate wards with free medical treatment at public hospitals;
- provided twenty-five per cent concession in road transport fare, fifty percent in train fare, twenty percent in air fare, twenty per cent in ship fare including such concessions in private sector and also fixing quota;
- having free entry in public parks, museums, zoos, cinemas, theaters, public libraries and other related places;
- considered one time for Hajj by fixing quota without balloting with the provision of one attendant, if required;
- provided ten per cent concession in telephone bill, electricity bill, sui-gas bill, water-supply bill where such bill does not exceed one thousand rupees per month;
- provided recreational facilities by establishing senior citizens centers at Federal and Provincial level;
- provided, in deserving case? as may be prescribed, monthly stipend amounting three thousand rupees per month;
- having special counters to be established in banks, post offices, PIA, Railways and other related places;
- guided by special sign boards at public and private places containing instructions and concession;
- given preference in resolving their matters related to the Government departments at all level;
- provided fifty percent concessions in the income tax where the limit of annual income, does not exceed four hundred thousand rupees;
- having talent pool available on website for utilizing, their services in the respective fields;
- having separate cells in jails and police stations with all basic facilities including wash room;
- given priority in courts for redressal of their cases;
- represented not less than two in each local Zakat and Ushar Committee;
- provided twenty per cent concession in public sector rest houses and private sector guest houses including hotels;
- provided twenty percent concessions in the rent of public and private sector marriages halls including hotels for marriages of only their orphan children;
- granted multiple entry visa for five years for tourism by the Embassies or Foreign Missions in Pakistan, as the case may be, or the recommendation of Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
- allowed to visit foreign countries under senior citizens tourists group to be arranged by the Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation;
- granted, in case they are poor and deserving, financial assistance in connection with the marriages of their daughters;
- allowed medical treatment abroad in the most deserving cases on priority basis;
- granted scholarships abroad to their brilliant children for higher education;
- allowed driving license and arms license who are mentally and physically alert;
- provided wheel chairs and stools in the mosques for their use in ablution and prayers;
- elevated to their societal image by introducing syllabus at primary and middle level including lunching distant learning courses by the Allama Iqbal Open University through electronic media;
- ensured identification of their problems., hardships and needs.
According to the details of the Bill to be called “The Pakistan Senior Citizens Welfare Act 2007”, a ten-member council will also be established with Prime Minister as its Patron-in-Chief having Minister for Social Welfare and Special Education as Chairman and Secretary of the Ministry of Social Welfare and Special Education as Vice Chairman. Chairperson, National Assembly Standing Committee on Social Welfare and Special Education, Chairman Standing Committee, Director General Ministry of Social Welfare and Special Education (Member/Secretary), Secretary Social Welfare, Women Development and Bait-ul-Mal Punjab, Secretary, Culture, Tourism, Sports, Youth Affairs and Social Welfare Department Sindh, Secretary Zakat and Ushr, Social Welfare & Women Development Peshawar and Secretary Social Welfare, Women Development and Special Education Balochistan will be members of the Council. The headquarters of the Council shall be at Islamabad.
Under this Act, the Council will ensure settlement of their (Senior Citizens) all benefits including pension before reaching the date of superannuation besides providing facility of special counters at pension receiving places.
Senior Citizens will be provided twenty-five per cent concessions in road transport fare, fifty per cent in train fare, twenty per cent in airfare, twenty per cent in ship fare including such concessions in private sector and also fixing quota.
They will be given free entry in public parks, museums, zoo, cinemas, theatres, public libraries and other related places. According to the draft Bill, senior citizens will be considered one time for Hajj by fixing quota without balloting with the provision of one attendant if required besides providing a facility of ten per cent concession in telephone bill, electricity bill, Sui gas bill, water supply bill where such bill does not exceed one thousand rupees per month.
They will also be provided monthly stipend amounting three thousand rupees per month in deserving cases as may be described. Special counters will be established in banks, post offices, PIA, Railways and other related places. Senior Citizens will also be given fifty per cent concessions in the income tax where the limit of annual income does not exceed four hundred thousand rupees.
They (Senior Citizens) will also be granted multiple entry visas for five years for tourism by the embassies or foreign missions in Pakistan as the case may be on the recommendation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs besides allowing visiting foreign countries under senior citizens tourists group to be arranged by the Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation. The Supreme Court disposed off the case after expressing satisfaction over the draft Bill and assurances made by the Attorney General for Pakistan before the court.
II. Process/Vision for the Future:
The issue of care, protection and well being of the elderly has been addressed under the Public Sector Development Program (PSDP) and Ten Years Perspective Plan. These programs provide for establishment of Senior citizens homes to accommodate destitute, indigent and homeless persons without support. Also included in these Plans/Programs are creation of Senior Citizen's clubs/centers at local levels to make use of their life long experiences, knowledge and, expertise. Apart from providing institutional care to the needy/elderly persons, major emphasis is being laid on strengthening our traditional joint family system. Establishment of geriatric wards in hospitals is another priority area in the direction. The scope of providing hostel facilities to the retired persons at their own expenses is being explored. Also special beds in the major Government Hospitals are being reserved for elderly patents. Besides the public sector, the private sector is progressively providing necessary health care facilities for elderly people. Some initiative taken by the government in this regard is as follows:
(a) Senior Citizens Talent Pool: The Government has created a Senior Citizens Talent Pool and Placement Services at all levels, so that their skills are used and they are not taken to be redundant on an age threshold. This arrangement will enable effective channeling oft heir experience and capabilities.
(b) Social and Economic Security: Government employees (around 700,000) are entitled to pension and gratuity schemes. This provides them income security in old age, though modes. Old Age Benefit Scheme for the industrial workers is also effectively enforced. The government has appointed pay and pension committees periodically to review persons for the retired persons. The objectives being to cater for raise in cost of living.
(c) Special Handling Counters at Public Places: Government has set up separate counters for Senior Citizens at outdoor department of major Hospitals, all Airport check point, Airline Reservation Offices, major Railway Stations etc. which reflects government's concern for the cause of elderly population.
III. International Plan of Action:
The developing countries especially those heavily indebted, have plunged into great difficulties as a result of the world-wide economic recession and the process of globalization. The increase in debt servicing, withdrawal of subsidies on essential commodities and continuing denial of market access to exports have had a negative impact on the overall economic and social conditions in the developing countries. The vulnerable groups, especially the elderly, have been affected most severely. Thus most of the countries have not attained the targets/commitments made under the International Plan of Action for aged population adopted in 1982 in Vienna. This clearly indicates the gap in achieving the desired level of progress for the old age population. This is the opportune time that developing and developed nations should realize their role and attaches importance to the best interest of senior citizens. On the basis of key lessons drawn out of the experiences of post First World Assembly era, the new millennium challenges ahead should be met with out improved vision and strengths. Our prime consideration should be to advocate the cause of elderly population by promoting respect for the dignity, equality, non discrimination, violation free society, better health care and above all breaking the vicious circle of poverty.
Pakistan views Second World Assembly on ageing as an opportunity to asses the progress made in achieving the desired goals and also to identify gaps for redesigning/reformulating strategies and actions to support global initiatives/ commitment being made by this Assembly at Madrid.
Pakistan is facing severe resource constraints in its economic and social development efforts. These problems have aggravated due to the decline in Pakistan's exports in the wake of the post September 11 developments. Therefore, it is very difficult to allocate reasonable resources for social development thus increasing dependence on International (bilateral as well as multi-lateral) financial assistance and support for achieving the desired level of sustainable social development. Ageing does pose a challenge to the economic and social planning of the nation in coming years of which the government is fully cognizant. Technical and financial assistance by International Agencies can assist us substantially in achieving the goals set for welfare of elderly.
ANNEXURE – A
Table 4: Elderly Status in Pakistan: Lower Work Participation, Poor Filial
Support and Lonely Living for Many
| Descriptions | Male (%) | Female (%) |
| A. Living Arrangement of older persons:
| 11.6 19.2 6.3 51.6 11.3 473 | 9.1 30.9 14.0 37.0 9.0 465 |
| B. Do adult son/s provide support?
· No Response
| 18.2 72.1 9.7 473 | 13.1 73.5 13.3 465 |
| C. Proportion of support provided by son/s:
| 18.2 33.8 38.3 9.7 473 | 13.1 34.8 38.8 13.3 465 |
| D. Work Status of older respondents:
| 14.1 71.2 14.7 473 | 36.5 58.5 5.0 465 |
| E. Reasons for not working/inactive:
| 22.27 7.56 2.52 22.69 22.69 17.65 1.26 3.36 238 | 28.67 10.19 0.0 34.39 22.29 0.0 0.0 4.46 157 |
[1] Assistant Professor, Department of Special Education, University of Karachi
[2] Session Session-I “Addressing Coverage Gaps in Pension Schemes in Pakistan”. Panelist Sabur Ghayur
Chairman, Policy Planning Cell Labour and Manpower Division Islamabad. EOBI/WBI Key Challenges in Pension Policy in PakistanPension Pakistan””99--10 May 2007, Islamabad10 Islamabad. Retrieved from
[3] PAKISTAN DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY – 2001. Federal Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from
[4] Source: Different sources were used including the World Bank (2000, 2001); Human Development Centre (1997, 2002); ADB (2001); Planning Commission of India (2002); UN’s Population Prospects (2002 Revision).
[5] Alam, Moneer (2005): “South Asian Elderly: ADL and IADL Statuses of the Elderly in India: A Preliminary Investigation”, Population Research Center, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi, April 2005 (mimeo).
[6] Soomro, G.Y. (2000): “A Re-examination of Fertility Transition in Pakistan”, The Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 39(3), Autumn 2000, pp. 247-261.
[7] Sathar, Zeba and M.F. Kiani (1998): “Some Consequences of Rising Age at Marriage in Pakistan”, The Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 37(4), pp. 541-556.
[8] Ibid
[9] Nasir, Z.M. and S.M. Ali (2000): “Labor Market Participation of the Elderly”, The Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 39(4), Part II (Winter 2000), pp. 1075-1086.
[10] Clark, G. Zaman, H. and Ghafoor, C.A. (2002): Pakistan Ageing Study – Preliminary Report on Six Sites in Punjab, Testing Traditional Assumption about Family Support, September 27, 20002. The study is available on: wbln0018.worlbank.org/HDN Net/HD.nsf/41246d0a524e6bbc85256b1a006499b…
[11] United Nations (2003): “World Population Prospects”, The 2002 Revision, Volume II: Sex and Age Distribution of World Population, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, ST/ESA/SER.A/180, New York
[12] Elderly population in Pakistan, as already noted in the beginning, would grow from 8.1 million in 2000 to 15.4 million in 2020, and 44 million in 2050 (UN, 2003).
[13] Calculated on the basis of UN (2003), World Population Prospects (2002 Revision).
[14] Afzal, Mohammad (1999): “Growing Old in Pakistan: Challenges for the New Millennium”, UN (United Nations Population Fund).
[15] Afzal, Mohammad (1994): “Local Level Policy Development and Consequences of Ageing: Country Case Study in Pakistan”, ESCAP Asian Population Studies Series No. 131-D, New York, United Nations.
[16] Khan, T.W. (1999): “Prospects for Older persons”, Islamabad, Government of Pakistan, June 23, 1999.
[17] Clark, G. Zaman, H. and Ghafoor, C.A. (2002): Pakistan Ageing Study – Preliminary Report on Six Sites in Punjab, Testing Traditional Assumption about Family Support, September 27, 20002. The study is available on: wbln0018.worlbank.org/HDN Net/HD.nsf/41246d0a524e6bbc85256b1a006499b…
[18] United Nations (1999): “World Population Prospects”, The 1998 Revision, Volume I: Comprehensive Tables, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, ST/ESA/SER.A/177, New York
[19] Pakistan, Special Education and Social Welfare Division, (1988): “Survey of Elderly, A Case Study of Lahore District”, Lahore (M/S Ideal Consultency Agency, Arbi, Ghulam Shabbir)
[20] Pakistan, Special Education and Social Welfare Division, (1990): “Survey of Elderly, A Case Study of Islamabad (Draft) ”, Islamabad.
[21] Ibid
[22] Nasir, Z.M. and S.M. Ali (2000): “Labor Market Participation of the Elderly”, The Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 39(4), Part II (Winter 2000), pp. 1075-1086.
[23] Retrieved from http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp
[24] Retrieced from http://www.pid.gov.pk/press09-09-07.htm Islamabad, September 9, 2007
[25] Retrieved from http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default
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