Special Education Article - Special education in Pakistan

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Basic Islamic Information

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Blindness

Blindness is the state of being sightless. The terms blind and blindness have been modified and include a wide range of visual impairment.

Vision impairment, or low vision, means that even with eyeglasses, contact lenses, medicine or surgery, they don't see well. Worldwide, between 300 million and 400 million people are visually impaired due to various causes. Of this group, approximately 50 million people are totally blind.

Types of blindness

Color blindness is the inability to perceive differences between some of the colors that others can distinguish. It is most often inherited and affects about 8 % of males and under 1% of women. Color blind usually have normal vision and can function well visually. It is not true blindness.

Night blindness is a difficulty in seeing under situations of decreased clarification. It can be genetic or acquired. The majority of people who have night vision face difficulties in function well under normal lighting conditions. This is not a state of sightlessness.

Snow blindness is loss of vision after exposure of the eyes to large amounts of ultraviolet light. Snow blindness is usually temporary and is due to swelling of cells of the corneal surface. In this type individual is still able to see shapes and movement.

Causes of blindness

The leading causes of blindness include optical complications of diabetes, macular degeneration, and traumatic injuries. In third-world nations where about 85% of the world's blindness occurs, principal causes include infections, cataracts, glaucoma, injury, and inability to obtain any glasses.

Infectious causes include trachoma, onchocerciasis (river blindness), and leprosy. The most common infectious cause of blindness in developed nations is herpes simplex.

Other causes of blindness include vitamin A deficiency, retinopathy of prematurity, blood vessel disease involving the retina or optic nerve including stroke, ocular inflammatory disease, retinitis pigmentosa, primary or secondary malignancies of the eye, congenital abnormalities, hereditary diseases of the eye, and chemical poisoning from toxic agents such as methanol.

Symptoms and signs of blindness

A blind person may have no visible signs of any abnormalities. Support systems available to individuals and their psychological makeup will also modify the symptom of lack of sight. 

Associated symptoms, such a discomfort in the eyes, awareness of the eyes, foreign body sensation, and pain in the eyes or discharge from the eyes may be present or absent, depending on the underlying cause of the blindness.

Blindness diagnoses

Blindness is diagnosed by visual acuity testing in each eye individually and by measuring the visual field or peripheral vision. People may have blindness in one or both eyes (unilateral or bilateral). Poor vision that is sudden in onset differs in potential causes than blindness that is progressive or chronic. The cause of blindness is made by examination of all parts of the eye by an ophthalmologist. 

Treatments for blindness

The treatment of blindness depends on the cause of blindness. In third-world nations where there are many people who have poor vision as a result of a refractive error, merely prescribing and giving glasses will alleviate the problem. Nutritional causes of blindness can be addressed by dietetic changes. There are hundreds of thousands of people who are blind from cataracts. In these patients, cataract surgery would, in most cases, restore their sight. Inflammatory and infectious causes of blindness can be treated with medication in the form of drops or pills.

Prevention from blindness

Between 80-90% of the blindness in the world is preventable through a combination of education and access to good medical care. Most traumatic causes of blindness can be prevented through instruction in eye protection. Nutritional causes of blindness are preventable through proper diet. Most cases of blindness from glaucoma are preventable through early detection and appropriate treatment. Visual impairment and blindness caused by infectious diseases have been greatly reduced through international public-health measures.
 

The majority of blindness from diabetic retinopathy is preventable through careful control of blood-sugar levels, exercise, avoidance of obesity and smoking, and emphasis on eating foods that do not increase the sugar load (complex, rather than simple carbohydrates). Regular eye examinations may often uncover a potentially blinding illness which can then be treated before there is any visual loss. 

Patients who have untreatable blindness require reorganization of their habits and reeducation to allow them to do everyday tasks in different ways. Visual aids, text-reading software, and Braille books are available, together with many simple and complex devices to provide functional improvement for the individual with blindness or low vision.

John Milton and Helen Keller are well known for their accomplishments in life despite being blind. There are countless other unnamed individuals with blindness, however, who, despite significant visual handicaps, have had full lives and enriched the lives of those who have had contact with them.

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Global Warming

All through Earth has warmed and cooled time and again when the planet received more or less sunlight but in the past century, another force has started to influence Earth's climate is humanity.

"Global warming is the rapid increase in Earth's average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels."

The 30% of incoming sunlight is reflected back into space and remaining 70% is absorbed by the land and ocean, and the rest is absorbed by the atmosphere. This absorption and radiation of heat by the atmosphere—the natural greenhouse effect—is beneficial for life on Earth. If there were no greenhouse effect, the Earth's temperature would be -18°C (0°F) instead of the comfortable 15°C (59°F) that it is today.

Is Today's Warming Different from the Past?

Earth's past climates or "paleoclimates" reveals that the current climatic warming is occurring much more rapidly than past warming events. As the Earth moved out of ice ages, the global temperature raised 4-7°C over about 5,000 years. Models predict that Earth will warm between 2-6 degrees Celsius in the next century. The predicted rate of warming for the next century is at least 20 times faster.

Is Current Warming Natural?

Earth's climate changed due to wobbles in Earth's orbit, volcanic eruptions, ozone depletion etc. These natural causes are still in play today, but their influence is too small. NASA satellites record a vital signs including atmospheric aerosols (both from natural sources and human activities, such as factories, fires, deserts, and erupting volcanoes), atmospheric gases (including greenhouse gases), energy radiated from Earth's surface and the Sun, ocean surface temperature changes, global sea level, the extent of ice sheets, glaciers and sea ice, plant growth, rainfall, cloud structure, and more. The human influence on climate has eclipsed the magnitude of natural temperature changes over the past 120 years.

How Much More Will Earth Warm?

Scientists build climate models which are designed to simulate the responses and interactions of the oceans and atmosphere, and to account for changes to the land surface, both natural and human-induced. The models predict that as the world consumes ever more fossil fuel, greenhouse gas concentrations will continue to rise and Earth's average surface temperature will rise with them. Based on a range of plausible emission scenarios, average surface temperatures could raise between 2°C and 6°C by the end of the 21st century.

 

How Will Global Warming Change Earth?

Global warming will modifies rainfall patterns, amplifies coastal erosion, lengthens the growing season in some regions, melts ice caps and glaciers, and alters the ranges of some infectious diseases. Some of these changes are:

Changing Weather

Global warming will result in storms, floods, and droughts and hurricanes. With some exceptions, the tropics will likely receive less rain (orange) as the planet warms, while the Polar Regions will receive more precipitation (green).

Rising Sea Levels

Global warming will impact rising sea levels will erode coasts and cause frequent coastal flooding. Sea levels crept up about 20 cm during the twentieth century and predicted to go up 18-59 cm over the next century, though the increase could be greater if ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica melt more quickly than predicted.

Impacting Ecosystems

Global warming is putting pressure on ecosystems, the plants and animals, both on land and in the ocean. Warmer temperatures may affect lifecycles of pollinators and plants to survive and reproduce, which would reduce food availability throughout the food chain. To survive the extreme temperatures, both marine and land-based plants and animals have started to migrate towards the poles. Those that cannot quickly migrate or adapt, face extinction. About 20-30% of plant and animal species will be at risk of extinction. if temperatures climb more than 1.5°-2.5°C.

Impacting People

As tropical temperature zones expand, the reach of some infectious diseases, such as malaria, will change. Rising sea levels will lead flooding and potential loss of property and life. Hotter summers and more frequent fires will lead to more cases of heat stroke and deaths. Intense droughts can lead to an increase in malnutrition. On a longer time scale, fresh water will become scarcer. The same small change in temperature, however, would reduce food production.

Ultimately, global warming will impact life on Earth in many ways, but the extent of the change is largely up to us. Scientists have shown that human emissions of greenhouse gases are pushing global temperatures up, and many aspects of climate are responding to the warming in the way that scientists predicted they would. But the degree to which global warming changes life on Earth depends on our decisions now.

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Niagara Falls

The word "Niagara" is derived from the Iroquois Indian word "Onguiaahra"   meaning "the strait". Niagara Falls is composed of two major sections separated by Goat Island: the Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side and the American Falls on the American side.

The Niagara Falls are huge waterfalls on the Niagara River, across the international border between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of New York. The falls are 17 miles (27 km) north-northwest of Buffalo, New York and 75 miles (121 km) south-southeast of Toronto, Ontario, between the twin cities of Niagara Falls, Ontario, and Niagara Falls, New York.

Niagara Falls were formed when glaciers flow away at the end of the Wisconsin glaciations (the last ice age), and water from the newly formed Great Lakes carved a path through the Niagara Escarpment en route to the Atlantic Ocean. While not exceptionally high, the Niagara Falls is very wide. More than 6 million cubic feet (168,000 m³) of waterfalls over the crest line every minute in high flow, and almost 4 million cubic feet (110,000 m³) on average. It is the most powerful waterfall in North America.

The Niagara Falls is renowned both for their beauty and as a valuable source of hydroelectric power. Managing the balance between recreational, commercial, and industrial uses has been a challenge for the stewards of the falls since the 19th century.

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Stress Management

Now life is full of hassles, time limit, frustrations, and anxiety. For most people, stress is so commonplace that it has become a way of life. Stress is the emotional and physical strain caused by our response to pressure from the outside world.

If you are feeling exhausted and snowed under, it’s time to take action to bring your nervous system back into balance by recognizing the signs and symptoms of stress and taking steps to reduce its harmful effects.

External causes of stress

• Major life changes
• Work stress
• Relationship difficulties
• Financial problems
• Being too busy
• Children and family

Internal causes of stress

• Inability to accept uncertainty
• Pessimism
• Negative self-talk
• Unrealistic expectations
• Perfectionism
• Lack of assertiveness

Health problems caused by stress

• Pain of any kind
• Heart disease
• Digestive problems
• Sleep problems
• Depression
• Obesity
• Autoimmune diseases
• Skin conditions, such as eczema

Unhealthy ways of coping with stress

These ways may temporarily reduce stress, but cause more damage in long run

• Smoking
• Drinking too much
• Overeating or under eating
• Spending hours in front of the TV or computer Using pills or drug
• Sleeping too much
• Procrastinating
• Filling up every minute to avoid facing problems
• Taking out your stress on others
• Withdrawing from peers

Healthier ways to manage stress

These are healthy ways to manage and cope with stress, by this you can either change the situation or change your reaction.

• Express your feelings instead of bottling them up. If something or someone is bothering you, communicate your concerns in an open and respectful way.

• Manage your time better. Poor time management can cause a lot of stress. But if you plan ahead and make sure you don’t overextend yourself, you can alter the amount of stress you’re under.

• Learn to forgive. Accept the fact that we live in an imperfect world and that people make mistakes. Let go of anger and free yourself from negative energy by forgiving.

• Set relaxation time. Include rest and relaxation in your daily schedule. Don’t allow other obligations to infringe. This is your time to take a break from all responsibilities and recharge yourself.

• Exercise regularly. Physical activity plays a key role in reducing and preventing the effects of stress. Make time for at least 30 minutes of exercise, three times per week.

• Eat a healthy diet. Start your day right with breakfast, and keep your energy up and your mind clear with balanced, nutritious meals throughout the day.

• Get enough sleep. Adequate sleep fuels your mind, as well as your body. Feeling tired will increase your stress because it may cause you to think irrationally.

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Kindle Dx E-Reader

E-Readers are very cool inventions of this era. This product enhancement evolves as the Kindle DX. Kindle Dx e-reader, the first of its kind, perfectly designed to suit your reading experience. The All-New-Kindle Dx Design is so fabulous and comes with:

Long Battery Life

Certainly, this is the major concern of so many shoppers out there. This Kindle Dx carry have the battery life that can stay for up to one whole month.

Never Gets Hot

Unlike Laptops and other electronic book readers Laptops out there and, Kindle Dx does not get hot when you read for long. You can read for as long as you want.

Lighter and Thinner

Kindle Dx was lighter and thinner as compare to B&N Nook. At only 8.7 ounces and 1/3 of an inch thin, Kindle is lighter than a paperback and thinner than a magazine.

50% New-High Contrast Screen

There is an improvement on the screen as kindle Dx electronic book reader. The texts are now clearer and images sharp to your delight.

Free 3G Wireless Enablement

One great attribute of kindle Dx electronic ebook reader is free 3G Wireless enablement. It comes with no annual contracts, with no monthly fees. You can now download books from anywhere, anytime and enjoy your life.

Perfect gift

If you want to be cherished for ages, why not try giving Amazon kindle to someone and you will make their day. Kindle DX e-book reader is loved by everyone because it's sleek, beautiful and fun to use.

 

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10 facts about blindness and visual impairment by WHO

Fact 1

Worldwide, about 314 million people are visually impaired due to various cases; 45 million of them are blind.

 

Fact 2

153 million are visually impaired because of uncorrected refractive errors (near-sightedness, far-sightedness or astigmatism). Almost all of them could have normal vision restored with eyeglasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery.

 

Fact 3

Over 85% of visually impaired people live in low- and middle-income countries.

 

Fact 4

39% of all blindness is due to age-related cataract, the leading cause of blindness.

 

Fact 5

Cataract surgery and correction of refractive errors are among the most cost-effective health interventions.

 

Fact 6

Age-related causes of visual impairment and blindness are increasing, as is blindness due to uncontrolled diabetes.

 

Fact 7

Up to 80% of all blindness in adults is preventable or treatable. Among children, the major causes of avoidable blindness include cataract, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and Vitamin A deficiency.

 

Fact 8

Blindness caused by infectious diseases is decreasing globally due to public health action. Blinding trachoma affects 40 million people today, compared to 360 million in 1985.

 

Fact 9

Around 1.4 million children under age 15 are blind. Yet approximately half of all childhood blindness can be avoided by treating diseases early and by correcting abnormalities at birth such as cataract and glaucoma.

 

Fact 10

For decades, WHO has been working with global partners to eliminate the main causes of avoidable blindness, strengthening country-level efforts by providing technical assistance, monitoring and co-ordination. 

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Drone

this is Drome

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Categories of Disability

List of all disability types and definitions

The following list contains all the disability categories referenced in the Workplace Accommodation Toolkit.
List contains 41 items.

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All Categories

All User Categories — A feature choice may be considered to be useful for all people, but of special importance to the accommodation of a person with a disability because of the advanced features of the component or product.

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Cognitive Impairment

Cognitive Impairment — Affects the ability to think, concentrate, formulate ideas, reason and remember. It is distinct from a learning disability insofar as it may have been aquired later in life as a result of an accident or illness.

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Cognitive Impairment (all types) —

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Intellectual impairment — Refers to a condition where powers of comprehension, information processing abilities are affected to the point where it affects the persons ability to perform

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Deaf-Blind

Deaf-Blind — Refers to sensory impairment, visual impairment and hearing impairment, occurring in combination with each other. Frequently, other disabilities also occur with the combination of a visual and hearing impairment. The combination of these disabilities causes significant challenges to accommodation. Tactile solutions are often appropriate.

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Deaf-Blind —

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Dexterity Impairment (Arms/Hands/Fingers)

Dexterity Impairment (Arms/Hands/Fingers) — Reduced function of arms and hands makes activities related to moving, turning or pressing objects difficult or impossible. This does not influence speech communication itself but makes it hard to make a phone call or use a wide range of other equipment.

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Cannot use fingers — This can seriously affect a person's ability to use a computer keyboard and mouse.

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Cannot use one arm — Causes difficulty in typing. The constant reaching for a mouse and increased demands on the useful arm puts persons in this category at high risk of developing Repetitive Strain Injury in the working arm. A person in this category must be provided with the best possible workstation ergonomics as well as the appropriate assistive device.

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Dexterity Impairments (all types) —

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Hand Tremors — Causes difficulty in writing, keyboarding, mouse use etc.

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Reduced co-ordination — Hand/eye coordination is necessary on traditional computers. Cursor movement on the screen responds to minute movements of the mouse by the hand. Typing also requires a certain amount of coordination and dexterity.

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Reduced strength — Refers to persons who have disabilities that affect depressing computer keys, mouse clicks, lifting reference material etc. May require adaptations to the workstation that allow for low or no impact computing as well as other workstation modifications.

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Reduced Strength—Arm — Persons who have disabilities that affect depressing computer keys, mouse clicks, lifting reference material etc. May require adaptations to the workstation that allow for low or no impact computing as well as other workstation modifications.

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Reduced Strength—Hand — Persons who have disabilities, which affect depressing computer keys, mouse clicks, lifting reference material etc. May require adaptations to the workstation that allow for low or no impact computing as well as other workstation modifications.

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Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) — Extremely prevalent in recent years due to the intensive computer use. It is a separate category even though many of the symptoms are covered in other categories. RSI is a result of repetitive procedures that gradually affect the user. It sometimes becomes so severe that the person cannot even pick up a pencil. Risk of RSI can be reduced dramatically through ergonomically designed work stations and prevention training. All computer users should take frequent short breaks and vary physical activities during the day. A saying among health professionals is, It is much harder to get RSI than it is to get rid of it. Prevention is key. Treatment can last up to a year or longer and may include surgery. There are assistive devices designed to aid persons with RSI work in a more natural position and put less strain on the body.

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Elderly

Elderly — Older people tend to be slower to learn new skills, have difficulty in memorising and reacting quickly to instructions. Also many elderly people prefer human assistance to using self-service terminals. However, this is not insuperable with suitable user interfaces and appropriate training. Many elderly people use the telephone or video cassette recorder even though they may not be familiar with all of its facilities.

Many of the symptoms characteristic of aging are covered in other categories, Problems may include hearing, vision, dexterity, mobility and cognitive. Sometimes there is a combination of several disabilities stemming from the aging process. Many products are cross-functional addressing several different disabilities. Therefore, an aging person may not require a specific adaptive device for every disability. This should be considered when choosing an aid.

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Hearing Impairment

Hearing Impairment — Hearing impairment is a generic term including both deaf and hard of hearing which refers to persons with any type or degree of hearing loss that causes difficulty working in a traditional way. It can affect the whole range or only part of the auditory spectrum which, for speech perception, the important region is between 250 and 4,000 Hz. The term deaf is used to describe people with profound hearing loss such that they cannot benefit from amplification, while hard of hearing is used for those with mild to severe hearing loss but who can benefit from amplification.

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Deaf (+/- deafened) — Refers to those persons with hearing impairments with a loss so severe that it precludes the use of the auditory channel as the primary means of Speech/Language and information processing.

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Hard of hearing — Refers to those persons with hearing impairments with a permanent or fluctuating hearing loss which is permits the use of the auditory channel for a certain amount of speech/language and information gathering functions with the use of an aid.

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Hearing Impairments (all types) —

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Learning Disability

Learning Disability — A specific learning disability results from problems in one more of the central nervous system processes involved in perceiving, understanding and/or using concepts through verbal (spoken or written) language or nonverbal means. It manifests itself with a deficit in one or more of the following areas: attention, reasoning, processing, memory, communication, reading, writing, spelling, calculation, coordination, social competence and emotional maturity.

It affects:

INPUT

• How information is taken in.
• Perception (How it is perceived)
• Auditorily (How well information is heard)
• Visually (How well information is seen)
• Tactually (How well information is input by touch)

INTEGRATION

• How new information is taken in, understood and linked to old information.
• Concept formation.
• How multiple ideas are combined.

OUTPUT

• How information that has been learned and assimpilated is shown to others.
• Written expression
• Organization of thoughts and understanding of Logical Progression.
• Oral expression (A speech or explanation of what has been learned)
• Organization of thoughts and understanding of Logical Progression.
• Demonstration (A project demonstrating what they have learned)
• Organization of thoughts and understanding of Logical Progression.

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Attention Deficit (Difficulty Focusing) — Attention Deficit Disorder is a biologically based condition causing a persistent pattern of difficulties resulting in one or more of the following behaviors:

• inattention
• hyperactivity
• impulsivity

Inattention: difficulty attending or focusing on a specific task. People with Attention Deficit Disorder may become distracted within a matter of minutes. Inattentive behavior may also cause difficulties with staying organized (e.g. losing things), keeping track of time, completing tasks and making careless errors.
Hyperactivity: difficulty inhibiting behavior. These people are in constant motion. They may engage in excessive fiddling, leg swinging and squirming in their chair.
Impulsivity: difficulty controlling impulses. These people do not stop and think before they act. They say and do whatever comes into their mind without thinking about the consequences. They might say something inappropriate and regret it later, blurt out a response to question before a person is done speaking to them or have difficulty waiting for their turn in line.

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Dyscalculia — Difficulty performing math calculations. A learning disability which affects math.

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Dysgraphia — Difficulty expressing thoughts in writing. It is used to refer to extremely poor handwriting.

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Dyslexia — Dyslexia is a learning disability that involves reading. Other similar terms include Dysgraphia (writing disability) and Dyscalculia (math disability). Dyslexia is probably the most common LD term which the general public hears. The word "dyslexia" simply means difficulty understanding written words.
The following are some common signs of Dyslexia:

• trouble expressing verbal language
• poor reading comprehension
• poor spelling
• difficulty reading — trouble identifying individual words
• trouble expressing thoughts in written form
• difficulty listening to or following directions — may hear words incorrectly
• confusion about directions in space and time, (e.g. left from right, up from down, months of the year)
• letter reversals (e.g. writing b for d or vice versa), trouble sequencing letters, (e.g. "left" for "felt").
• may see words as upside down, blurred or distorted
• difficulty with handwriting
• difficulty with mathematics — using mathematical symbols,
• sequencing steps to solve a mathematical problem

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Learning Disabilities (all types) —

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Mobility Impairment

Mobility Impairment — Reduced function of legs and feet leads to users depending on a wheelchair or artificial aid to walking. In addition to people who are born with a disability, this group includes a large number of people whose condition is caused by age or accidents.

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Cannot walk without aid — It is important that these persons are given proper workstation ergonomics because problems in the legs often cause poor posture which put the person at risk of developing other problems such as back strain.

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Mobility Impairments (all types) —

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Wheelchair user — An employee who uses wheelchairs often requires a modified workstation. The keyboard height, desktop and monitor height need to be adjusted to assure proper ergonomics.

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Speech and Language Impairment

Speech and Language Impairment — Speech impairment may influence speech in a general way or only certain aspects of it, such as fluency or voice volume. Language impairment may be associated with a more general intellectual impairment.

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Language impairment — An impairment in the ability to understand and/or use words in context, both verbally and non-verbally. Some characteristics of language impairment include improper use of words and their meanings, inability to express ideas, inappropriate grammatical patterns, reduced vocabulary and inability to follow directions. One or a combination of these characteristics may occur those who are affected by language learning disabilities or developmental language delay. The person may hear or see a word but not be able to understand its meaning. They may have trouble getting others to understand what they are trying to communicate.

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Non-Verbal — Persons who cannot communicate through the use of voice. Persons who are non-verbal must communicate through Augmentative or Alternative Communication Devices.

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Speech and Language Impairment (all types) —

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Speech impairment — The impairment of speech articulation, voice, fluency, or the impairment language comprehension and/oral expression or the impairment of the use of a spoken or other symbol system. Might be characterized by an interruption in the flow or rhythm of speech, such as stuttering, which is called dysfluency. Speech disorders may be problems with the way sounds are formed, called articulation or phonological disorders, or they may be difficulties with the pitch, volume or quality of the voice. There may be a combination of several problems. People with speech disorders have trouble using some speech sounds, which can also be a symptom of a delay. They may say see when they mean ski or they may have trouble using other sounds like l or r. Listeners may have trouble understanding what someone with a speech disorder is trying to say. People with voice disorders may have trouble with the way their voices sound.

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Visual Impairment

Visual Impairment — Blindness implies a total or near total loss of the ability to perceive form. Low vision implies an ability to utilise some aspects of visual perception, but with a greater dependency on information received from other sources.

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Blindness — Legally blind indicates that a person has less than 20/200 vision in the better eye or a very limited field of vision (20 degrees at its widest point); Totally blind people cannot see at all. This makes it impossible to view a computer monitor and renders the computer inaccessible without adaptive assistance and non-visual media.

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Colour Blindness — Inability to perceive colours in a normal fashion. The most common colour scheme that is affected is red/green. Another common colour scheme is blue/yellow. Colour blindness almost exclusively affects men. Incidence is about 1 in 10. The primary implication on computer operation is colour scheming on the screen.

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Low Vision — Severely visually impaired after correction but can increase visual function with the use of adaptive aids. According to the World Health Organization, Low Vision corresponds to visual acuity of less than 6/18 (0.3) but equal to or better than 3/60 in the better eye with best correction. When ordinary eye glasses, contact lenses or intraocular lens implants cannot provide sharp sight and an individual is said to have low vision. Although reduced central or reading vision is common, low vision may also result from decreased side (peripheral) vision, a reduction of loss of color vision, or the eye's inability to properly adjust to light, contrast or glare.

Link for this Article http://www.apt.gc.ca/wat/wb12200E.asp?Lt=D

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Dr. Shagufta Shahzadi Family

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